Famous Fashion Designers Activity B Chapter 4 Famous Fashion Designers Activity B Chapter 4 Answer

Art of applying pattern and aesthetics to clothing and accessories

Manner designers in 1974 in Dresden.

Fashion pattern is the fine art of applying design, aesthetics, clothing construction and natural beauty to article of clothing and its accessories. It is influenced by civilization and different trends, and has varied over time and identify. "A mode designer creates wearable, including dresses, suits, pants, and skirts, and accessories like shoes and handbags, for consumers. He or she can specialize in wearable, accompaniment, or jewelry design, or may piece of work in more than than one of these areas."^[1]

Fashion designers typically utilise a rails of models to showcase their work.

Manner designers [edit]

Manner designers work in a variety of different ways when designing their pieces and accessories such as rings, bracelets, necklaces and earrings. Because of the time required to put a garment out in market, designers must conceptualize changes to consumer desires. Mode designers are responsible for creating looks for individual garments, involving shape, color, fabric, trimming, and more.^[2]  Fashion designers play a major role in our world. Their talent and vision play a large function on how people present themselves.

Designers bear research on style trends and interpret them for their audition. Their specific designs are used past manufacturers. This is the essence of a designer'due south role; however, there is variation within this that is determined by the buying and merchandising approach. When thinking of product quality command budget retailers use inexpensive fabrics to have a quick turn around on production, merely high-terminate retailers will ensure that the all-time available fabrics are used and lots of time is utilized.^[3]

Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional every bit well as aesthetically pleasing. They consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will exist worn, and they work within a wide range of materials, colors, patterns and styles. Though most habiliment worn for everyday wear falls inside a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are commonly sought for special occasions such as evening wear or party dresses.

Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, about article of clothing is designed for the mass market, specially casual and every-day wear are called gear up to habiliment or known every bit fast fashion.

Education [edit]

To become a fashion designer in that location is training and certifications that volition assistance you succeed in this profession. However, y'all don't need a college degree, merely experience and love for fashion is ideal in this manufacture. An associates or bachelors degree in fashion design would aid in this success. "Equally a manner design major, yous will take classes in color, textiles, sewing and tailoring, pattern making, fashion history, and computer-aided blueprint (CAD) and acquire well-nigh dissimilar types of clothing such equally menswear or footwear " .^[2] When receiving educational activity it will assistance new fashion designers understand every important detail in fashion and designing clothes and footwear. Also, it volition be beneficial for new style designers to complete an internship, it will requite new fashion designers adept experiences while assisting a fashion designer and take access to the world of fashion.

Structure [edit]

Fashion designers may work full-time for one manner house, equally 'in-house designers', which owns the designs, or they work alone or as part of a squad. Freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. Well-nigh way designers fix their own labels, under which their designs are marketed. While others are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-end fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-end style department stores. These designers create original garments, also every bit those that follow established fashion trends. Most manner designers, all the same, work for dress manufacturers, creating designs of men's, women's, and children's fashions for the mass market. Big designer brands which have a 'name' as their make such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Justice, or Juicy are likely to be designed by a team of individual designers under the direction of a design director.

Designing a garment [edit]

Way designers work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a clothes form, another term for mannequine. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), they will consult a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the blueprint out of carte du jour or via a reckoner plan. Finally, a sample garment is fabricated upwards and tested on a model to make sure it is an operational outfit.

History [edit]

Fashion design is by and large considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his characterization sewn into the garments that he created. Earlier the onetime draper prepare up his maison couture (fashion house) in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled past largely anonymous seamstresses, and loftier manner descended from that worn at imperial courts. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should article of clothing, instead of following their lead equally earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact beginning created in club to describe him. While all manufactures of clothing from any fourth dimension period are studied by academics as costume design, merely wearable created afterward 1858 is considered as mode pattern.^[four]

It was during this period that many design houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments. The images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom. If the customer liked their blueprint, they ordered it and the resulting garment fabricated money for the business firm. Thus, the tradition of designers sketching out garment designs instead of presenting completed garments on models to customers began as an economy.

Types of way [edit]

Garments produced by article of clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up up into additional, different types

Haute couture [edit]

Until the 1950s, manner article of clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis (French for high-sewing), with each garment being created for a specific customer. A couture garment is made to society for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attending to particular and finish, ofttimes using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit accept priority over the cost of materials and the fourth dimension information technology takes to make.^{[5] [6]} Due to the high price of each garment, haute couture makes little straight turn a profit for the way houses, merely is important for prestige and publicity.^[7]

Prepare-to-habiliment (prêt-à-porter) [edit]

Set up-to-article of clothing, or prêt-à-porter, clothes are a cross between haute couture and mass market place. They are not made for individual customers, but great intendance is taken in the choice and cut of the material. Wearing apparel are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Prepare-to-clothing collections are commonly presented by fashion houses each season during a period known every bit Fashion Week. This takes place on a citywide basis and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include: spring/summer, fall/winter, resort, swim, and bridal.

Half-way garments are an alternative to ready-to-wear, "off-the-peg", or prêt-à-porter fashion. One-half-way garments are intentionally unfinished pieces of clothing that encourages co-pattern betwixt the "main designer" of the garment, and what would usually be considered, the passive "consumer".^[8] This differs from prepare-to-wear fashion, as the consumer is able to participate in the process of making and co-designing their habiliment. During the Brand{able} workshop, Hirscher and Niinimaki constitute that personal involvement in the garment-making procedure created a meaningful "narrative" for the user, which established a person-product attachment and increased the sentimental value of the last product.^[8]

Otto von Busch also explores half-fashion garments and fashion co-design in his thesis, "Fashion-able, Hacktivism and engaged Fashion Pattern".^[9]

Mass market [edit]

Currently, the fashion industry relies more on mass-marketplace sales. The mass market caters for a broad range of customers, producing set-to-habiliment garments using trends set by the famous names in fashion. They often await around a season to make sure a mode is going to take hold of on earlier producing their versions of the original expect. To save coin and time, they utilise cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which tin can easily be washed by machines. The end product tin can, therefore, exist sold much more cheaply.^{[10] [11] [12]}

At that place is a type of design called "kutch" originated from the German word kitschig, meaning "trashy" or "not aesthetically pleasing". Kitsch can too refer to "wearing or displaying something that is therefore no longer in mode".^[xiii]

Income [edit]

Median annual wages for salaried fashion designers were $61,160 in May 2008. The center 50 percent earned between $42,150 and $87,120.^[xiv] The lowest x percent earned less than $32,150, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $124,780. Median annual earnings were $52,860 (£40,730.47) in apparel, piece appurtenances, and notions - the manufacture employing the largest numbers of fashion designers.^[fifteen] As of 2016^[update],a mode designer's median almanac salary was $65,170. High terminate designers tin can earn around $92,550. In 2016, 23,800 people were counted every bit fashion designers in the U.s..^[16]

World fashion manufacture [edit]

Fashion today is a global industry, and most major countries have a style manufacture. Seven countries have established an international reputation in fashion: French republic, Italy, United Kingdom, United states, Japan, Deutschland and Belgium. The "big four" fashion capitals of the style industry are Paris, Milan, New York City and London with Paris often being considered as the Globe's fashion upper-case letter.^{[17] [eighteen]}

United States [edit]

Fashion show at a fashion designing college, US, 2015

Near fashion houses in the United states of america are based in New York Metropolis, with a loftier concentration centered in the Garment District neighborhood. On the The states west coast, there is also a pregnant number of way houses in Los Angeles, where a substantial percentage of high manner vesture manufactured in the United States is actually fabricated. Beverly Hills, peculiarly on Rodeo Drive, is globally renowned for its fashion pattern and prestigious shopping. Burgeoning industries in Miami, Chicago, Dallas, and especially San Francisco have developed besides. A semi-almanac event held every February and September, New York Fashion Week, is the oldest of the four major fashion weeks held throughout the globe. Parsons The New School for Design, located in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City, is considered i of the top style schools in the world. In that location are numerous mode magazines published in the United States and distributed to a global readership. Examples include Vogue, Harper'southward Bazaar, and Cosmopolitan.

American fashion design is highly various, reflecting the enormous ethnic diversity of the population, simply is largely dominated by a clean-cut, urban, hip artful, and oft favors a more casual way, reflecting the able-bodied, health-conscious lifestyles of the suburban and urban middle classes.

Famous American brands and designers include Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Coach, Nike, Vans, Marc Jacobs, Tommy Hilfiger, DKNY, Tom Ford, Caswell-Massey, Michael Kors, Levi Strauss and Co., Estée Lauder, Revlon, Kate Spade, Alexander Wang, Vera Wang, Victoria'due south Secret, Tiffany and Co., Converse, Oscar de la Renta, John Varvatos, Anna Sui, Prabal Gurung, Pecker Blass, Halston, Carhartt, Brooks Brothers, Stuart Weitzman, Diane von Furstenberg, J. Crew, American Eagle Outfitters, Steve Madden, Abercrombie and Fitch, Juicy Couture, Thom Browne, Judge, Supreme, and The Timberland Company.

Belgium [edit]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Belgian mode designers brought a new fashion image that mixed East and West, and brought a highly individualised, personal vision on fashion. Well known Belgian designers are the Antwerp Half-dozen: Ann Demeulemeester, Dries Van Noten, Dirk Bikkembergs, Dirk Van Saene, Walter Van Beirendonck and Marina Yee, as well as Maison Martin Margiela, Raf Simons, Kris Van Assche, Bruno Pieters, Anthony Vaccarello.^[19]

United kingdom [edit]

London has long been the capital of the Great britain manner industry and has a wide range of foreign designs which have integrated with modern British styles. Typical, British pattern is smart only innovative yet recently has become more and more unconventional, fusing traditional styles with modern techniques. Vintage styles play an of import role in the British fashion and styling industry. Stylists regularly 'mix and match' the old with the new, which gives British style that unique, bohemian aesthetic that many of the other fashion capitals try to imitate. Irish gaelic fashion (both design and styling) is also heavily influenced past way trends from United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Well known British designers are Thomas Burberry, Alfred Dunhill, Paul Smith, Vivienne Westwood, Stella McCartney, John Galliano, John Richmond, Alexander McQueen, Matthew Williamson, Gareth Pugh, Hussein Chalayan.

French republic [edit]

Most French fashion houses are in Paris, which is the capital of French style. Traditionally, French mode is chichi and stylish, defined by its composure, cut, and smart accessories. French manner is internationally acclaimed.

Espana [edit]

Madrid and Barcelona are the chief mode cities of Espana. Spanish fashion is oftentimes more than conservative and traditional but as well more 'timeless' than other fashion cultures. Spaniards are known non to take great risks when dressing.^{[20] [21]} Even so, many are the way brands and designers coming from Spain.

The most notable luxury houses are Loewe and Balenciaga. Famous designers include Manolo Blahnik, Elio Berhanyer, Cristóbal Balenciaga, Paco Rabanne, Adolfo Domínguez, Manuel Pertegaz, Jesús del Pozo, Felipe Varela and Agatha Ruiz de la Prada.

Espana is likewise home to large fashion brands such as Zara, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Pull&Bear, Mango, Desigual, Pepe Jeans and Camper.

Germany [edit]

Berlin is the eye of fashion in Germany (prominently displayed at Berlin Fashion Week), while Düsseldorf holds Europe'southward largest fashion merchandise fairs with Igedo. Other important centres of the scene are Munich, Hamburg, and Cologne. German fashion is famed for its elegant lines too every bit unconventional young designs and the great variety of styles.

Italy [edit]

Milan is Italia's mode capital. Near of the older Italian couturiers are in Rome. Still, Milan and Florence are the Italian fashion capitals, and information technology is the exhibition venue for their collections. Italian way features casual and glamorous elegance. In Italia Milan Fashion week takes places twices a week in February and September. Milan Mode calendar week puts fashion in the spotlight and celebrates it in the center of Milan with way lovers, buyers and media.

^[22]

Nippon [edit]

Virtually Japanese fashion houses are in Tokyo. The Japanese look is loose and unstructured (often resulting from complicated cutting), colours tend to the sombre and subtle, and richly textured fabrics. Famous Japanese designers include Kenzo Takada, Issey Miyake, Yohji Yamamoto and Rei Kawakubo.

Communist china [edit]

Hong Kong clothing make Shanghai Tang'southward design concept is inspired by Chinese habiliment and ready out to rejuvenate Chinese fashion of the 1920s and 30s, with a modernistic twist of the 21st century and its usage of bright colours.^[23]

Soviet Union [edit]

Mode in the Soviet Union largely followed general trends of the Western world. Nonetheless, the land's socialist credo consistently chastened and influenced these trends. In addition, shortages of consumer goods meant that the full general public did not have fix access to pre-made fashion.

Switzerland [edit]

Almost of the Swiss fashion houses are in Zürich.^[24] The Swiss look is casual elegant and luxurious with a slight touch of quirkiness. Additionally, it has been greatly influenced by the trip the light fantastic club scene.

Mexico [edit]

In the development of Mexican ethnic wearing apparel, the fabrication was determined by the materials and resources that are available in specific regions, impacting the "cloth, shape and construction of a people's clothing".^[25] Textiles were created from found fibers including cotton and agave. Class status differentiated what fabric was worn. Mexican dress was influenced past geometric shapes to create the silhouettes. Huipil a blouse characterized by a "loose, sleeveless tunic made of two or 3 joined webs of textile sewn lengthwise"^[26] is an of import historical garment, often seen today. After the Spanish Conquest, traditional Mexican clothing shifted to take a Spanish resemblance.

Mexican ethnic groups rely on specific embroidery and colors to differentiate themselves from each other.^[27]

Mexican Pink is a significant color to the identity of Mexican art and pattern and general spirit. The term "Rosa Mexicano" as described by Ramón Valdiosera was established by prominent figures such every bit Dolores del Río and designer Ramón Val in New York.^[27]

When newspapers and magazines such as El Imparcial and El Mundo Ilustrado circulated in Mexico, became a significant movement, as information technology informed the large cities, such as United mexican states Urban center, of European fashions. This encouraged the founding of department stores, changing the existent stride of style.^[28] With access to European fashion and dress, those with loftier social status relied on adopting those elements to distinguish themselves from the rest. Juana Catarina Romero was a successful entrepreneur and pioneer in this move.

Malaysia [edit]

In Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur is the major fashion and production city.^[29] and Malaysia Style Calendar week^[30]

Mode design terms [edit]

• A fashion designer conceives garment combinations of line, proportion, colour, and texture. While sewing and pattern-making skills are beneficial, they are non a pre-requisite of successful manner design. Most style designers are formally trained or apprenticed.
• A technical designer works with the design team and the factories overseas to ensure correct garment construction, appropriate material choices and a adept fit. The technical designer fits the garment samples on a fit model, and decides which fit and structure changes to make before mass-producing the garment.
• A blueprint maker (also referred as pattern master or blueprint cutter) drafts the shapes and sizes of a garment'due south pieces. This may be done manually with paper and measuring tools or by using a CAD computer software programme. Another method is to mantle material straight onto a dress form. The resulting design pieces can be constructed to produce the intended design of the garment and required size. Formal grooming is usually required for working as a design marker.
• A tailor makes custom designed garments made to the client's measure; especially suits (coat and trousers, jacket and skirt, et cetera). Tailors usually undergo an apprenticeship or other formal grooming.
• A cloth designer designs fabric weaves and prints for dress and furnishings. Nearly textile designers are formally trained as apprentices and in school.
• A stylist co-ordinates the clothes, jewelry, and accessories used in fashion photography and catwalk presentations. A stylist may also work with an individual client to design a coordinated wardrobe of garments. Many stylists are trained in fashion design, the history of style, and historical costume, and have a high level of expertise in the electric current manner market and futurity market trends. However, some merely take a potent artful sense for pulling swell looks together.
• A mode buyer selects and buys the mix of vesture available in retail shops, department stores, and chain stores. Virtually fashion buyers are trained in business and/or fashion studies.
• A seamstress sews prepare-to-wear or mass-produced clothing by mitt or with a sewing machine, either in a garment store or as a sewing motorcar operator in a factory. She (or he) may not have the skills to brand (blueprint and cutting) the garments, or to fit them on a model.
• A dressmaker specializes in custom-made women's clothes: 24-hour interval, cocktail, and evening dresses, business concern clothes and suits, trousseaus, sports apparel, and lingerie.
• A fashion forecaster predicts what colours, styles and shapes volition be popular ("on-trend") earlier the garments are on sale in stores.
• A model wears and displays dress at style shows and in photographs.
• A fit model aids the mode designer past wearing and commenting on the fit of clothes during their blueprint and pre-manufacture. Fit models demand to be a particular size for this purpose.
• A mode journalist writes style manufactures describing the garments presented or fashion trends, for magazines or newspapers.

See likewise [edit]

• Manner
• Mode accessory
• Mode design copyright
• Haute couture
• History of mode blueprint
• History of western way
• List of fashion designers
• List of fashion education programs
• List of style topics
• Runway (way)
• Sustainable mode
• Material design
• Western dress codes

References [edit]

1. ^ McKay, Dawn Rosenberg. "What Does a Fashion Designer Practise?". the rest careers. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
2. ^ ^{a b} Sterlacci, Francesca. "What Is a Fashion Designer?". Love to Know. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
3. ^ Hebrero, Miguel (2015-10-15). Fashion Buying and Merchandising: From mass-market place to luxury retail. Printed in the USA: CreateSpace. ISBN9781517632946.
4. ^ "fashion industry | Pattern, Fashion Shows, Marketing, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2020-10-14 .
5. ^ "What is Haute Couture?". Haute Couture Hot. HauteCoutureNews.com. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
6. ^ Pauline Weston Thomas. "Haute Couture Fashion History" (Article). Fashion-Era.com. Fashion-Era.com. Retrieved thirteen May 2012.
7. ^ "Haute couture: Making a loss is the peak of manner". telegraph.co.uk.
8. ^ ^{a b} Hirscher and Niinimaki. Fashion Activism through Participatory Design. 10th European Academy of Blueprint Briefing, Crafting the Future, April 2013, Helinski, Republic of finland. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304354045_Fashion_Activism_through_Participatory_Design
9. ^ von Busch, O. Fashion-able, Hacktivism and engaged Fashion Blueprint, PhD Thesis, Schoolhouse of Design and Crafts (HDK), Gothenburg. 2008, https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/17941/3/gupea_2077_17941_3.pdf.
10. ^ Catherine Valenti (1 May 2012). "Designers Flock to Mass-Market Retailers" (Article). ABC News . Retrieved 13 May 2012.
11. ^ Sameer Reddy (31 Oct 2008). "Out from Hole-and-corner" (Article). The Daily Animal. Newsweek Magazine. Retrieved xiii May 2012.
12. ^ Stephania Lara (22 June 2010). "Mass market broached past high-end way". The Prospector. College Media Network. Archived from the original (Article) on 2 Nov 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
13. ^ Bethan Cole (2 May 2012). "Kitsch pickings" (Article). Financial Times Online: Style. The Fiscal Times Ltd. Retrieved xiii May 2012.
14. ^ "Mode Designers". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
15. ^ "Designers". umsl.edu.
16. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link)
17. ^ The big four style capitals of the world
18. ^ "Paris once once more the world'southward undisputed fashion capital". The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 2020-eleven-30 .
19. ^ Holgate, Mark, ′How Anthony Vaccarello Is Making Saint Laurent His Own′, (Feb. xiii, 2018), Faddy March 2018, https://world wide web.faddy.com/article/anthony-vaccarello-interview-vogue-march-2018-issue, Retrieved 3 March 2018.
20. ^ Castiglione, Baldassare (1903). The Book of the Courtier (PDF). New York: Charles Scribner'south Sons. p. 103.
21. ^ "En España se viste muy bien". GQ Magazine. December 3, 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-23 .
22. ^ Strijbos, Bram. [fashionweekweb.com "Milan Fashion Week"]. Fashion United. CS1 maint: url-status (link)
23. ^ Broun, Samantha (6 Apr 2006). "Designing a global brand". CNN Globe. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved ii June 2012.
24. ^ "Zurich labels". Zurich labels: Media Information. Zurich Tourism. January 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
25. ^ Anawalt, Patricia Rieff, 1924- (2007). The worldwide history of dress : with over 1000 illustrations, 900 in color . Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-51363-7. OCLC 864489266. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
26. ^ Anawalt, Patricia Rieff, 1924- (2007). The worldwide history of dress : with over 1000 illustrations, 900 in color . Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-51363-7. OCLC 864489266. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
27. ^ ^{a b} Valdiosera, Ramón. "Rosa Mexicano: Moda y Marca." Artes De México, no. 111, 2013, pp. 60–65.
28. ^ Chassen-López, Francie. "The Traje de Tehuana as National Icon: Gender, Ethnicity, and Way in United mexican states." The Americas, vol. 71 no. 2, 2014, p. 281-314. Projection MUSE, doi:10.1353/tam.2014.0134.
29. ^ Kuala Lumpur FASHION Calendar week
30. ^ / Malaysia Manner Week

Bibliography [edit]

• Breward, Christopher, The civilization of fashion: a new history of fashionable apparel, Manchester: Manchester Academy Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7190-4125-ix
• Hollander, Anne, Seeing through dress, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-520-08231-1
• Hollander, Anne, Sex and suits: the evolution of mod dress, New York: Knopf, 1994, ISBN 978-0-679-43096-4
• Hollander, Anne, Feeding the eye: essays, New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999, ISBN 978-0-374-28201-1
• Hollander, Anne, Textile of vision: wearing apparel and drapery in painting, London: National Gallery, 2002, ISBN 978-0-300-09419-0
• Kawamura, Yuniya, Fashion-ology: an introduction to Fashion Studies, Oxford and New York: Berg, 2005, ISBN one-85973-814-one
• Lipovetsky, Gilles (translated by Catherine Porter), The empire of style: dressing modernistic democracy, Woodstock: Princeton University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-691-10262-7
• McDermott, Kathleen, Mode for all: why fashion, invented by kings, now belongs to all of us (An illustrated history), 2010, ISBN 978-0-557-51917-0 — Many paw-drawn color illustrations, extensive annotated bibliography and reading guide
• Mckay Rosenberg, Dawn, Mode designer job clarification: Salary, skills, & more. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://www.thebalancecareers.com/fashion-designer-526016
• Perrot, Philippe (translated by Richard Bienvenu), Fashioning the bourgeoisie: a history of vesture in the nineteenth century, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Printing, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-00081-7
• Steele, Valerie, Paris mode: a cultural history, (2. ed., rev. and updated), Oxford: Berg, 1998, ISBN 978-ane-85973-973-0
• Steele, Valerie, Fifty years of fashion: new look to at present, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-300-08738-3
• Steele, Valerie, Encyclopedia of clothing and fashion, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005
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• Sterlacci, Francesca. (north.d.). What is a fashion designer? Retrieved May x, 2021, from https://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/fashion-wearable-industry/what-is-fashion-designer

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